X-Ray Physics

The Bragg driver is a combination of hardware and software which allows the user to collect X-ray diffraction data in combination with the X-ray apparatus (1000657 or 1000660). It provides the high voltage and counting circuitry for the Geiger Müller tube (1000661) and includes a software program that allows the user to control the driver and collect data. It includes the USB powered drive, a drive gear, an USB cable and a powder compressor. Scans can be obtained for all crystals available in the basic equipment set (1000665) and the crystallography accessories (1000666). An additional feature includes the ability to scan powders and foils. The software allows selection of scan angles, resolution, and time per step. Once the experiment is completed the software permits zoom-in on the data and the facility to add comments to the file. Data can be exported to a spreadsheet for further analysis.

Time interval for

automatic data saving:                 30 s

Angular range:                              12° – 120°

Time per step:                                ≥ 0.1 s

Angular step:                                 ≥ 0.05°

GM tube voltage:                           0 – 1000 V

Basic: Basic experiments using photographic techniques and Geiger Müller tube like Laue experiments, Bragg diffraction experiments, experiments on inverse square law, emission, rectilinear propagation, penetration and absorption of X-rays.

Intermediate: Basic experiments and experiments on Moseley, Debye-Scherrer diffraction, size of the unit cell in salt crystals in addition.

Advanced: Intermediate experiments and experimental investigations into radiography, film and the properties of x-rays in addition.

Ergänzungssatz zum Basisgerätesatz (U19205) für weiterführende kristallographische Untersuchungen, zur Erarbeitung des Moseley Gesetzes, des Debye-Scherrer-Verfahrens, der Bragg’schen Reflexion sowie für Materialuntersuchungen.

Im Lieferumfang enthalten:
4 Folien, Fe, V, Mn, Cr
2 Einkristalle, KCl, RbCl
5 Pulverproben, NaF, SiC, NH4Cl, MgO, Al
2 Drahtproben, Al, Nb (je 3 x) für Debye-Scherrer-Untersuchung
10 Polyäthylen-Fäden
1 Scheibe zur Berechnung des Bragg’schen Glanzwinkels

The experiment chamber is contained in a closed, radiation-proof housing with a transparent synthetic-glass shield. If the synthetic-glass shield is opened, the high-voltage source for the X-ray tube is deactivated automatically. The high-vacuum X-ray tube with a directly heated tungsten cathode and copper anode is positioned in a borosilicate glass chamber with a thinwalled, concave ray emission window. A lead-glass hood with a collimator causes X-rays to emerge in parallel with the experiment plane and provides a shield against scattered radiation. The horizontal counter-tube goniometer consists of a central sample holder and a swiveling arm. In the form of a slide tray, this arm serves as a mount for the Geiger-Müller tube (U19201), ionization chamber (U19208) as well as experimental devices in slide format or on a 5 cm x 5 cm base plate (for example, from U19205, U19206, U19207). The swiveling arm can be rotated manually independently of the sample holder, or at a fixed mutual angle with a ratio of 2:1, for instance, for experiments involving Bragg’s reflection. The device is equipped with angle and millimeter scales, position markings for experimental devices, as well as radiation-proof bushings for cables and hoses. Anode voltage: 20/30 kV, switchable and electronically stabilized Emission current: 0 to 80 μA, continuously adjustable and electronically stabilized Cathode heating: 4 V, 1 A Focal spot: 5×1 mm2 Anode material: Cu Lead-glass collimator: radiation emission aperture with 5-mm dia. Ray divergence: better than 10° Characteristic radiation wavelength: Cu -Kα: 154 pm, Cu -Kβ: 138 pm Counter-tube goniometer: Swiveling ranges: 0°, +10° to +130° and -10° to +130° relative to the ray axis Angular coupling: independent of the sample holder or with a ratio of 2:1 Measurement accuracy of Bragg’s angle: 5 arc minutes Timer: 0 to 55 minutes, continuously adjustable Power consumption: 100 VA Dimensions: X-Ray apparatus: approx. 250 mm x 370 mm dia. X-Ray tube: approx. 100 mm x 32 mm dia. Weight: approx. 9 kg